最新のPSM-III問題集で試験を準備する

正解：

Practicing'zombie' or 'mechanical' Scrumrefers to an approach where teams and organizations follow the rules and events of Scrum in a superficial manner, merely going through the motions, without embracing the underlying purpose, values, and principles of the framework.
In mechanical Scrum, teams conduct the required events, maintain the prescribed artifacts, and use Scrum terminology, but do sowithout focusing on value, learning, or outcomes. Scrum events become routine meetings rather than opportunities for inspection and adaptation. The Sprint Goal may exist on paper, but it does not meaningfully guide decisions. As a result, Scrum is reduced to a checklist of practices rather than a framework for solving complex problems.
This approach contrasts sharply with practicing"Real" Scrum, which isvalue-driven and goal-oriented.
Real Scrum emphasizes delivering meaningful outcomes for customers and stakeholders, rather than simply completing tasks. Teams focus on achieving the Sprint Goal, maximizing product value, and understanding the impact of their work.
Furthermore, mechanical Scrum often ignores theScrum Values. WithoutCourage, teams avoid difficult conversations; withoutOpenness, problems are hidden; withoutRespect, collaboration suffers; without Commitment and Focus, teams optimize for activity rather than outcomes. This leads to stagnation and missed opportunities for improvement.
In contrast, Real Scrum recognizes that Scrum is aframework, not a rigid methodology. It intentionally leaves room for teams and organizations to discover and adopt additional practices that support empiricism, continuous improvement, and stakeholder satisfaction. These practices are chosen to reinforce Scrum's core values, not to replace them.

正解：

TheCone of Uncertaintydescribes how the level of uncertainty in a product's requirements, technology, and value is highest at the beginning of a product's lifetime and gradually decreases as knowledge is gained. This concept strongly influences the type of work a development team performs throughout the product's development lifecycle and aligns well with Scrum's empirical approach.
Early Stage: High Uncertainty and Discovery Work
At the start of a product's development lifetime, manyunknownsexist. These may relate to customer needs, technical feasibility, usability, or business value. According to Scrum's empirical nature, teams should not assume certainty where it does not exist. Therefore, early development work focuses primarily ondiscovery.
During this stage, the Development Team works to reduce uncertainty by:
* Conducting research and experiments,
* Building prototypes or spikes,
* Testing assumptions with users,
* Validating technical and business hypotheses.
This type of work helps the team learn quickly and avoid premature commitment to detailed solutions. The goal is not maximizing feature output, butmaximizing learningand reducing risk.
Middle Stage: Reduced Uncertainty and Feature Development
As important unknowns are discovered and addressed, the Cone of Uncertainty narrows. The team gains confidence in what to build and how to build it. At this point, work increasingly shifts toward delivering functional stories and featuresthat provide direct value to users.
Development during this phase focuses on:
* Building usable, integrated product increments,
* Expanding functionality based on validated learning,
* Refining features through feedback and inspection.
Scrum supports this transition by enabling frequent inspection and adaptation through Sprints, ensuring that learning continues while value delivery accelerates.
Late Stage: Low Uncertainty and Operational Work
Toward the end of a product's development lifetime, most significant uncertainties have been resolved.
According toEvidence-Based Management (EBM),Unrealized Value becomes low, whileCurrent Value is high. At this stage, the volume of new feature development typically decreases.
The team's work becomes moreoperationalin nature, such as:
* Maintenance and optimization,
* Improving performance or stability,
* Addressing technical debt,
* Supporting existing users.
Investment decisions increasingly focus on sustaining value rather than discovering new opportunities.

正解：

Scrum encourages ethical behaviour in software development by creating a framework that promotes transparency, accountability, quality, and respect for stakeholders, all of which are grounded in the Scrum Values. Rather than prescribing ethical rules, Scrum embeds ethical behaviour into the way work is organized and delivered.
First, Scrum promotes ethics through its focus ondelivering valuable, high-quality working products. The Scrum Guide emphasizes delivering usable Increments that meet a shared Definition of Done. By prioritizing quality and value for both the organization and end-users, Scrum discourages practices such as cutting corners, hiding technical debt, or delivering misleading progress, which are ethically questionable.
Second, Scrum strongly supportstransparency, a core pillar of empiricism. All significant aspects of the work-such as progress, impediments, risks, and uncertainties-are made visible through artifacts and events.
This transparency encourages honesty about what can and cannot be achieved and prevents unethical behaviour such as misreporting status or concealing problems until it is too late.
Third, Scrum encouragesaccountabilityat both individual and team levels. Clear accountabilities for the Product Owner, Developers, and Scrum Master ensure that responsibility is not diffused or avoided. Teams are accountable for delivering value, improving their way of working, and meeting their commitments. This accountability fosters ethical decision-making and ownership of outcomes.
Fourth, Scrum supports ethical behaviour throughcontinuous learning and improvement. Sprint Retrospectives create a structured opportunity to reflect on mistakes, share knowledge, and improve processes and practices. This openness to learning promotes humility, integrity, and a willingness to correct issues rather than ignoring or rationalizing them.
Finally, Scrum is explicitly guided by theScrum Values of Commitment, Courage, Focus, Respect, and Openness, which form its ethical foundation.
* Commitmentencourages teams to do what they say they will do.
* Courageenables individuals to raise concerns, admit problems, and challenge unethical practices.
* Focushelps teams concentrate on delivering real value rather than superficial outputs.
* Respectensures consideration for colleagues, stakeholders, and end-users.
* Opennesspromotes honesty about progress, challenges, and uncertainty.

正解：

A distant Product Owner represents arisk to value delivery, transparency, and empiricism. While the Product Owner has provided a Product Backlog for the Sprint, lack of collaboration during the Sprint undermines learning and informed decision-making. As a Scrum Master, the focus should be oncoaching, enabling collaboration, and addressing systemic impediments, not substituting for the Product Owner.
1. Make the Impact Transparent
The Scrum Master should help make the impact of the Product Owner's absencevisible:
* Reduced ability to clarify Product Backlog Items,
* Slower decision-making when discoveries occur,
* Increased risk to the Sprint Goal and product value.
This transparency should be established through respectful conversations with the Product Owner and, if needed, through Scrum events such as the Sprint Retrospective.
2. Coach the Product Owner on Accountability
The Scrum Guide states that the Product Owner is accountable formaximizing valueandProduct Backlog management, which requires ongoing collaboration with Developers. The Scrum Master should coach the Product Owner to understand that handing over a backlog at Sprint Planning isnot sufficientand that availability during the Sprint is essential for empiricism.
3. Enable Better Collaboration Without Replacing the Product Owner
The Scrum Master should help create opportunities for collaboration, such as:
* Encouraging regular clarification moments during the Sprint,
* Improving Product Backlog refinement so fewer questions remain unanswered,
* Helping Developers prepare focused questions to use limited Product Owner availability effectively.
However, the Scrum Master mustnot take over Product Owner responsibilities, as this would blur accountabilities.
4. Address Organizational Causes
If the Product Owner's distance is due to workload, role confusion, or organizational pressure, this becomes an organizational impediment. The Scrum Master should raise this issue with leadership and help the organization understand the risk of an unavailable Product Owner to product outcomes.