最新のPRAXIS2問題集で試験を準備する

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PRAXIS Pre-Professional Skills Test (PPST) II 認定 PRAXIS2 試験問題：

1. Those examples of poetic justice that occur in medieval and Elizabethan literature, and that seem so
satisfying, have encouraged a whole school of twentieth-century scholars to "find" further examples. In
fact, these scholars have merely forced victimized character into a moral framework by which the
injustices inflicted on them are, somehow or other, justified. Such scholars deny that the sufferers in a
tragedy are innocent; they blame the victims themselves for their tragic fates. Any misdoing is enough to
subject a character to critical whips. Thus, there are long essays about the misdemeanors of Webster's
Duchess of Malfi, who defined her brothers, and he behavior of Shakespeare's Desdemona, who
disobeyed her father.
Yet it should be remembered that the Renaissance writer Matteo Bandello strongly protests the injustice
of the severe penalties issued to women for acts of disobedience that men could, and did, commit with
virtual impunity. And Shakespeare, Chaucer, and Webster often enlist their readers on the side of their
tragic heroines by describing injustices so cruel that readers cannot but join in protest. By portraying
Griselda, in the Clerk's Tale, as a meek, gentle victim who does not criticize, much less rebel against the
prosecutor, her husband Waltter, Chaucer incites readers to espouse Griselda's cause against Walter's
oppression. Thus, efforts to supply historical and theological rationalization for Walter's persecutions tend
to turn Chaucer's fable upside down, to deny its most obvious effect on reader's sympathies. Similarly, to
assert that Webster's Duchess deserved torture and death because she chose to marry the man she
loved and to bear their children is, in effect to join forces with her tyrannical brothers, and so to confound
the operation of poetic justice, of which readers should approve, with precisely those examples of social
injustice that Webster does everything in his power to make readers condemn. Indeed. Webster has his
heroin so heroically lead the resistance to tyranny that she may well in spire members of the audience to
imaginatively joins forces with her against the cruelty and hypocritical morality of her brothers.
Thus Chaucer and Webster, in their different ways, attack injustice, argue on behalf of the victims, and
prosecute the persecutors. Their readers serve them as a court of appeal that remains free to rule, as the
evidence requires, and as common humanity requires, in favor of the innocent and injured parties. For, to
paraphrase the noted eighteenth-century scholar, Samuel Johnson, despite all the refinements of subtlety
and the dogmatism of learning, it is by the common sense and compassion of readers who are
uncorrupted by the characters and situations in mereval and Dlizabetahn literature, as in any other
literature, can best be judged.
According to the passage, some twentieth-century scholars have written at length about

A) the actions taken by Shakespeare's Desdemona
B) the Duchess of Matfi's love for her husband
C) the tyrannical behavior of the Duchess of Malfi's brothers
D) Walter's persecution of his wife in Chaucer's the Clerk's Tale
E) the injustices suffered by Chaucer's Griselda

2. EMBEZZLER: FUNDS

A) traitor: enemy
B) poacher: game
C) convict: sentence
D) opportunist: luck
E) instigator: disturbance

3. Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented
opportunities-as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the
principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and the other minority groups have difficulty establishing
themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated
by large companies. Now congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded
federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their
efforts to do so on forms field with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone
so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority
enterprises.
Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of
corporate contracts with minority business rose from $77 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of
corporate contracts with minority business for the early 1980's is estimated to be over $3 billion per year
with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased
patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending
themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses they often need to
make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work
subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face
potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small
entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and
resources and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial
health of the business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned companies may-seek to cash inon the increasing apportion-ments
through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns, of course, in many instances there are
legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white and minority enterprises can team up to acquire
business that neither could Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate
customer often runs the danger of becoming and remaining dependent. Even in the best of circumstances,
fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to
broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate
benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
According to the passage, the authors played a normal Indigo bunting song backwards in order to
determine which of the following?

A) How does variation in the pacing of song figures?
B) Is the indigo bunting responding to cues other than those in the song figures?
C) What is the time duration necessary for recognition by the indigo bunting?
D) How specific must a figure shape be for it to be recognized by the indigo bunting?
E) What are the limits of the frequency range that will provide recognition by the indigo bunting?

4. Those examples of poetic justice that occur in medieval and Elizabethan literature, and that seem so
satisfying, have encouraged a whole school of twentieth-century scholars to "find" further examples. In
fact, these scholars have merely forced victimized character into a moral framework by which the
injustices inflicted on them are, somehow or other, justified. Such scholars deny that the sufferers in a
tragedy are innocent; they blame the victims themselves for their tragic fates. Any misdoing is enough to
subject a character to critical whips. Thus, there are long essays about the misdemeanors of Webster's
Duchess of Malfi, who defined her brothers, and he behavior of Shakespeare's Desdemona, who
disobeyed her father.
Yet it should be remembered that the Renaissance writer Matteo Bandello strongly protests the injustice
of the severe penalties issued to women for acts of disobedience that men could, and did, commit with
virtual impunity. And Shakespeare, Chaucer, and Webster often enlist their readers on the side of their
tragic heroines by describing injustices so cruel that readers cannot but join in protest. By portraying
Griselda, in the Clerk's Tale, as a meek, gentle victim who does not criticize, much less rebel against the
prosecutor, her husband Waltter, Chaucer incites readers to espouse Griselda's cause against Walter's
oppression. Thus, efforts to supply historical and theological rationalization for Walter's persecutions tend
to turn Chaucer's fable upside down, to deny its most obvious effect on reader's sympathies. Similarly, to
assert that Webster's Duchess deserved torture and death because she chose to marry the man she
loved and to bear their children is, in effect to join forces with her tyrannical brothers, and so to confound
the operation of poetic justice, of which readers should approve, with precisely those examples of social
injustice that Webster does everything in his power to make readers condemn. Indeed. Webster has his
heroin so heroically lead the resistance to tyranny that she may well in spire members of the audience to
imaginatively joins forces with her against the cruelty and hypocritical morality of her brothers.
Thus Chaucer and Webster, in their different ways, attack injustice, argue on behalf of the victims, and
prosecute the persecutors. Their readers serve them as a court of appeal that remains free to rule, as the
evidence requires, and as common humanity requires, in favour of the innocent and injured parties. For,
to paraphrase the noted eighteenth-century scholar, Samuel Johnson, despite all the refinements of
subtlety and the dogmatism of learning, it is by the common sense and compassion of readers who are
uncorrupted by the characters and situations in mereval and Dlizabetahn literature, as in any other
literature, can best be judged.
The primary purpose of the passage is to

A) assert that it is impossible for twentieth-century readers to fully comprehend the characters and
situations in medieval and Elizabethan literary works
B) describe the role of the tragic heroine in medieval and Elizabethan literature
C) argues that some twentieth-century scholars have misapplied the concept of "poetic justice" in
analyzing certain medieval and Elizabethan literary works.
D) resolve a controversy over the meaning of "poetic justice" as it is discussed in certain medieval and
Elizabethan literary treatises
E) present evidence to support the view that characters in medieval and Elizabethan tragedies are to
blame for their fates

5. How many 5 digit numbers are there with distinct digits?

A) 720
B) 144
C) 4386
D) 6432
E) 27216

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